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# SQL As Understood By SQLite

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## SQLite Keywords

The SQL standard specifies a large number of keywords which may not be used as the names of tables, indices, columns, databases, user-defined functions, collations, virtual table modules, or any other named object. The list of keywords is so long that few people can remember them all. For most SQL code, your safest bet is to never use any English language word as the name of a user-defined object.

If you want to use a keyword as a name, you need to quote it. There are four ways of quoting keywords in SQLite:

> 'keyword' |  | A keyword in single quotes is a string literal.
> "keyword" |  | A keyword in double-quotes is an identifier.
> [keyword] |  | A keyword enclosed in square brackets is an identifier. This is not standard SQL. This quoting mechanism is used by MS Access and SQL Server and is included in SQLite for compatibility.
> `keyword` |  | A keyword enclosed in grave accents (ASCII code 96) is an identifier. This is not standard SQL. This quoting mechanism is used by MySQL and is included in SQLite for compatibility.

For resilience when confronted with historical SQL statements, SQLite will sometimes bend the quoting rules above:

- If a keyword in single quotes (ex: 'key' or 'glob') is used in a context where an identifier is allowed but where a string literal is not allowed, then the token is understood to be an identifier instead of a string literal.

- If a keyword in double quotes (ex: "key" or "glob") is used in a context where it cannot be resolved to an identifier but where a string literal is allowed, then the token is understood to be a string literal instead of an identifier.

Programmers are cautioned not to use the two exceptions described in the previous bullets. We emphasize that they exist only so that old and ill-formed SQL statements will run correctly. Future versions of SQLite might raise errors instead of accepting the malformed statements covered by the exceptions above.

SQLite adds new keywords from time to time when it takes on new features. So to prevent your code from being broken by future enhancements, you should normally quote any identifier that is an English language word, even if you do not have to.

The list below shows all possible keywords used by any build of SQLite regardless of compile-time options. Most reasonable configurations use most or all of these keywords, but some keywords may be omitted when SQL language features are disabled. Applications can use the sqlite3_keyword_count(), sqlite3_keyword_name(), and sqlite3_keyword_check() interfaces to determine the keywords recognized by SQLite at run-time. Regardless of the compile-time configuration, any identifier that is not on the following 143 element list is not a keyword to the SQL parser in SQLite:

1. ABORT
2. ACTION
3. ADD
4. AFTER
5. ALL
6. ALTER
7. ANALYZE
8. AND
9. AS
10. ASC
11. ATTACH
12. AUTOINCREMENT
13. BEFORE
14. BEGIN
15. BETWEEN
16. BY
17. CASCADE
18. CASE
19. CAST
20. CHECK
21. COLLATE
22. COLUMN
23. COMMIT
24. CONFLICT
25. CONSTRAINT
26. CREATE
27. CROSS
28. CURRENT
29. CURRENT_DATE
30. CURRENT_TIME
31. CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
32. DATABASE
33. DEFAULT
34. DEFERRABLE
35. DEFERRED
36. DELETE
37. DESC
38. DETACH
39. DISTINCT
40. DO
41. DROP
42. EACH
43. ELSE
44. END
45. ESCAPE
46. EXCEPT
47. EXCLUDE
48. EXCLUSIVE
49. EXISTS
50. EXPLAIN
51. FAIL
52. FILTER
53. FIRST
54. FOLLOWING
55. FOR
56. FOREIGN
57. FROM
58. FULL
59. GLOB
60. GROUP
61. GROUPS
62. HAVING
63. IF
64. IGNORE
65. IMMEDIATE
66. IN
67. INDEX
68. INDEXED
69. INITIALLY
70. INNER
71. INSERT
72. INSTEAD
73. INTERSECT
74. INTO
75. IS
76. ISNULL
77. JOIN
78. KEY
79. LAST
80. LEFT
81. LIKE
82. LIMIT
83. MATCH
84. NATURAL
85. NO
86. NOT
87. NOTHING
88. NOTNULL
89. NULL
90. NULLS
91. OF
92. OFFSET
93. ON
94. OR
95. ORDER
96. OTHERS
97. OUTER
98. OVER
99. PARTITION
100. PLAN
101. PRAGMA
102. PRECEDING
103. PRIMARY
104. QUERY
105. RAISE
106. RANGE
107. RECURSIVE
108. REFERENCES
109. REGEXP
110. REINDEX
111. RELEASE
112. RENAME
113. REPLACE
114. RESTRICT
115. RIGHT
116. ROLLBACK
117. ROW
118. ROWS
119. SAVEPOINT
120. SELECT
121. SET
122. TABLE
123. TEMP
124. TEMPORARY
125. THEN
126. TIES
127. TO
128. TRANSACTION
129. TRIGGER
130. UNBOUNDED
131. UNION
132. UNIQUE
133. UPDATE
134. USING
135. VACUUM
136. VALUES
137. VIEW
138. VIRTUAL
139. WHEN
140. WHERE
141. WINDOW
142. WITH
143. WITHOUT